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1.
Rev. cir. (Impr.) ; 73(6): 728-743, dic. 2021. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1388889

ABSTRACT

Resumen La hemorragia digestiva alta (HDA) es una emergencia médico-quirúrgica común que debe ser tratada precozmente por su alta morbimortalidad. Corresponde a sangrado del esófago, estómago o del duodeno proximal, y se divide en etiología no variceal y variceal. Dentro de las no variceales destaca la úlcera péptica como la más frecuente, siendo esta producida por un desbalance entre factores protectores y agresivos. Por otro lado, en las hemorragias variceales destacan las várices gastroduodenales, las cuales son consecuencia del aumento de la presión portal. La incidencia de la HDA a nivel mundial varía entre 37 a 172 casos por cada 100.000 habitantes por año y la mortalidad entre un 5 y un 14% según diferentes estudios. Lamentablemente, no existen cifras nacionales fidedignas de incidencia y prevalencia. El médico debe conocer bien la presentación clínica y la fisiopatología para ser asertivo en la sospecha, diagnóstico y manejo de esta patología. En cuanto al tratamiento, el enfrentamiento se divide en el manejo de urgencias y luego endoscópico, puesto que la resucitación temprana intensiva puede reducir la morbimortalidad en pacientes con HDA. A continuación se hará una revisión actualizada enfocada en los aspectos más relevantes del manejo de esta patología. Se obtuvieron los datos de Pubmed y Scielo, específicamente la búsqueda de artículos originales y de revisiones sistemáticas con las palabras "hemorragia digestiva alta", "úlcera péptica", "várices esofágicas" y otras relacionadas. Los criterios usados fueron artículos preferentemente menores a 5 años de publicación en revistas científicas de alto índice de impacto.


Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UHD) is a common medical-surgical emergency that must be treated early due to its high morbidity and mortality. It corresponds to bleeding from the esophagus, stomach, or proximal duodenum, and is divided into non-variceal and variceal etiology. Among the non-variceal, the peptic ulcer stands out as the most frequent, being this produced by an imbalance between protective and aggressive factors. On the other hand, in variceal hemorrhages gastroduodenal varices stand out, are a consequence of increased portal pressure. The incidence of HDA worldwide varies between 37 to 172 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year and mortality between 5 to 14% according to different studies. Unfortunately, there are no reliable national statistics of incidence and prevalence. The physician must have a good understanding of the clinical presentation and pathophysiology to be assertive in the suspicion, diagnosis, and management of this pathology. Regarding treatment, the confrontation is divided into emergency management and then endoscopic, because early intensive resuscitation can reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with UHD. This is an updated review which will be focused on the most relevant aspects of the management of this pathology. Data were obtained from Pubmed and Scielo, specifically searching for original articles and systematic reviews with the words "upper gastrointestinal bleeding", "peptic ulcer", "esophageal varices" and other related words. The criteria used were articles preferably less than 5 years old in scientific journals with a high impact index.


Subject(s)
Humans , Esophagus/surgery , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/etiology , Jejunum/surgery , Peptic Ulcer , Stomach/surgery , Esophageal and Gastric Varices , Endoscopy/methods , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/surgery , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/physiopathology , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/epidemiology , Mallory-Weiss Syndrome
2.
Rev. cir. (Impr.) ; 73(4): 488-491, ago. 2021. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1388859

ABSTRACT

Resumen La acalasia es un trastorno motor primario de la musculatura lisa esofágica que se caracteriza por disfagia, pseudorregurgitación y baja de peso. El tratamiento puede ser endoscópico o quirúrgico. Sólo se conocen los resultados a largo plazo de la cirugía, mientras que los endoscópicos tienen aún un seguimiento muy corto y no permiten sacar conclusiones valederas. La acalasia es una lesión que tiene una probabilidad significativamente mayor de desarrollar un cáncer esofágico, ya sea de tipo epidermoide, por inflamación crónica y retención de comida en el esófago, o un adenocarcinoma, secundario a reflujo gastroesofágico, que aparece posterior a cualquier tratamiento. Las publicaciones muestran que alrededor de 3% a 4% de los pacientes presentan a largo plazo, sobre 10 a 15 años postratamiento, el desarrollo de un cáncer avanzado del esófago. Se concluye que es indispensable un seguimiento clínico y endoscópico en forma rutinaria a estos pacientes.


Achalasia is a primary motor disorder of the esophageal smooth muscle characterized by dysphagia, pseudoregurgitation, and weight loss. Treatment can be endoscopic or surgical. The long-term results are only known from surgery, while endoscopic results still have a very short follow-up and do not allow us to draw valid conclusions. Achalasia is a lesión that has a significantly higher probability of developing esophageal cancer, whether of the epidermoid type, due to chronic inflammation and food retention in the esophagus, or an adenocarcinoma, secondary to gastroesophageal reflux, which appears after any treatment. Publications show that about 3 to 4% of patients present in time, about 10 to 15 years after treatment, the development of advanced cancer of the esophagus. It is concluded that clinical and endoscopic follow-up is essential in these patients on a routine basis.


Subject(s)
Humans , Esophageal Neoplasms/etiology , Esophageal Achalasia/complications , Esophageal Achalasia/epidemiology , Esophageal Neoplasms/diagnosis , Deglutition Disorders/complications , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors
3.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 149(7): 961-970, jul. 2021. tab, graf, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1389552

ABSTRACT

Background: The worldwide incidence of acute pancreatitis (AP) is increasing. Aim: To determine the national incidence of AP between 2013 and 2018. Material and Methods: Analysis of hospital discharge records available at the web page of the Statistical and Information Service of the Chilean Ministry of Health. We recorded the number of patients discharged with a diagnosis of AP, excluding chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, between 2013 and 2018. We also recorded length of hospital stay, age, etiology, and lethality. Rates of raw and age-adjusted incidence were calculated. Results: During the study period, 46,420 patients with AP were discharged, with an incidence rate ranging between 39 and 43.7/100,000 inhabitants, and a non-significant increase along time of 8.6%. There are important differences between the average adjusted rates of Northern (Arica to Metropolitan) and Southern regions (O'Higgins to Magallanes), with rates of 36.9 and 53.6/100,000 inhabitants respectively (p < 0.01). The average hospital stay was 11 days. Two thirds of cases were aged between 20 and 64 years. The case fatality was 4.2%, with no decrease between 2013 and 2018. The mortality rate was 1.6/100,000 inhabitants. Conclusions: The annual incidence of AP is 42.6/100,000 inhabitants, with geographical differences from North to South, which can be associated with the high frequency of biliary tract disease in aboriginal ethnic groups. The age distribution and length hospital stay were stable over time.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Pancreatitis/epidemiology , Chile/epidemiology , Acute Disease , Incidence , Length of Stay
4.
Vitae (Medellín) ; 12(1/2): 29-38, sept. 2004-mar. 2005. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-415339

ABSTRACT

La farmacovigilancia pretende satisfacer la necesidad de disponer de información relacionada con los resultados del uso de medicamentos, al tiempo que se convierte en una estrategia para prevenir riesgos y minimizar costos causados por efectos no deseados de la farmacoterapia. La realización de seguimiento farmacoterapéutico, utilizando el método Dáder, ha evidenciado que posibilita el cumplimiento de los objetivos de la farmacovigilancia. Sin embargo, se requiere de mayores soportes de la utilidad y beneficios alcanzados con su implementación en más instituciones. Por ello, se realiza un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de los resultados del seguimiento farmacoterapéutico, utilizando el método Dáder, en instituciones de salud hospitalarias o ambulatorias, realizado por estudiantes matriculados en las asignaturas prácticas en farmacia clínica o prácticas profesionales, del programa de Química Farmacéutica de la Universidad de Antioquia, entre agosto de 2003 y noviembre de 2004. Durante este período se realizó el seguimiento a 4556 pacientes, se detectaron 660 problemas relacionados con medicamentos y 3581 problemas relacionados con la utilización. Resultados que respaldan la utilidad y los beneficios adicionales de los programas de seguimiento farmacoterapéutico, utilizando el método Dáder, en la satisfacción de la necesidad de estructurar y desarrollar programas de farmacovigilancia en el sistema de salud de Colombia


Subject(s)
Pharmacology , Follow-Up Studies
5.
Rev. colomb. ortop. traumatol ; 19(1): 60-64, mar. 2005. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-619245

ABSTRACT

Las displasias esqueléticas son un grupo de condiciones heterogéneas que hasta la fecha abarca cerca de 200 desordenes diferentes desde el punto de vista genético y clínico. Tienen como común denominador un trastorno del proceso normal de crecimiento y desarrollo del tejido óseo y sus precursores cartilaginosos. En este artículo se presenta el caso de una adolescente de 16 años con displasia epifisaria de Meyer cuyo diagnóstico fue tardío y que a diferencia de los reportados hasta la fecha requirió tratamiento quirúrgico debido a la sintomatología persistente, además se hace una breve revisión de la literatura contenida hasta la fecha en el Index.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Bone Diseases, Developmental , Osteochondrodysplasias , Osteomyelitis
6.
Rev. colomb. ortop. traumatol ; 19(1): 65-72, mar. 2005. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-619246

ABSTRACT

El maltrato infantil es una práctica tan antigua como la humanidad misma. De acuerdo con la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) es un problema de salud pública y cerca de 40’000.000 niños de edades entre 0-14 años son las víctimas. En Colombia las estadísticas reportan maltrato infantil en el 36% de los hogares. Las lesiones del sistema musculoesquelético y tejidos blandos son muchas veces la clave más evidente, así que debemos tener en cuenta algunos signos importantes a la hora de evaluar un niño con sospecha de este padecimiento. Los estudios han reportado que las fracturas son la segunda forma más frecuente de presentación de maltrato infantil. Esta información nos hace replantear estrategias encaminadas a prevenir y disminuir su incidencia de maltrato infantil. Como miembros de los organismos de salud, somos los primeros llamados a participar de manera activa y oportuna en la detección temprana de los casos de abuso infantil.


Subject(s)
Child Abuse , Child Abuse, Sexual , Soft Tissue Injuries , Musculoskeletal System/injuries , Colombia
7.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 131(9): 1023-1030, sept. 2003.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-356010

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Febrile neutropenia is one of the most important problems to face during the treatment of acute leukemia. AIM: To assess the results of a standardized protocol for the treatment of febrile neutropenia and compare it with a period in which treatment was not standardized. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred and eight episodes of febrile neutropenia in 69 patients, treated with a standardized antimicrobial protocol between 1996 and 2001, were analyzed. The protocol consisted in the use of a combination of antimicrobial whose spectrum was broadened progressively according to the isolated microorganisms and the involved foci. These were compared with 83 episodes in 54 patients, treated without standardized protocols between 1990 and 1995. RESULTS: Both groups of patients were comparable. Their ages ranged from 15 to 65 years old. The male/female ratio was 1.3 and the lymphoblastic/myeloid leukemia ratio was 1.4. Sixty one percent of episodes occurred during induction chemotherapy and mean duration of neutropenia was 17 days. A clinically significant focus was identified in 72 per cent of episodes and a microorganism was isolated blood culture in 35 per cent of them. There was a predominance of gram negative organisms. The mortality decreased from 18 to 9 per cent in the period 1996-2000 (p = 0.094). CONCLUSIONS: The use of a standardized antimicrobial protocol reduced the mortality in febrile neutropenia, even when colony stimulating factors and filtered air rooms are unavailable.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Fever/drug therapy , Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/drug therapy , Leukemia, Myeloid/drug therapy , Neutropenia/drug therapy , Drug Therapy, Combination , Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects , Chile , Acute Disease , Retrospective Studies , Fever/chemically induced , Fever/mortality , Neutropenia/chemically induced , Neutropenia/mortality , National Health Programs , Risk
8.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 126(2): 218-24, feb. 1998. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-210567

ABSTRACT

Background: Medical care of HIV infected and AIDS patients may represent an important economical burden for public hospitals. Aim: To assess direct and indirect costs of medical care for HIV infected and AIDS patients in public hospitals of the Metropolitan Region of Chile. Material and methods: Between August 1994 and February 1995, information about outpatient and hospitalized medical care of 417 HIV infected patients was gathered (representing approximately 16 percent of the seropositive population). Patients were divided as having or not having AIDS. The latter were those included in groups I, II, III and category C2 of group C (group 4). The cost of medications, procedures and examinations of these patients was calculated. Results: Thirty six percent of studied patients had AIDS. The annual cost of care for AIDS patients was US$3760 compared to US$1450 for HIV infected patients without AIDS. Medication represented 75 percent and 65 percent of total costs in patients with and without AIDS respectively. The figures for examination and procedures were 17 percent and 22 percent and for medical attentions were 7.5 percent and 8.8 percent respectively. Conclusions: Medical care of patients with AIDS has higher costs than that of HIV infected patients without AIDS. Thus, the retardation of the progression of the disease would have social, humanitarian and economical benefits. Our costs are similar to those of other countries with a similar level of economic development


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , HIV Infections/economics , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/economics , Antiviral Agents/economics , Health Expenditures/trends , Health Care Costs/statistics & numerical data , Primary Prevention/methods
9.
Arch. venez. pueric. pediatr ; 47(1/2): 36-9, 1984.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-25178

ABSTRACT

Se presenta el caso de un nino de 3 anos de edad quien inicialmente fue admitido al Servicio de Nefrologia del Hospital Central de Valencia por infeccion urinaria e insuficiencia renal aguda. Estudios radiologicos y ecosonograficos mostraron la tipica dilatacion primaria de los calices renales; posteriormente el paciente presento como complicacion la formacion de litiasis en pelvis renal izquierda y persistencia de la infeccion; el estudio metabolico practicado y la prueba de sobrecarga de calcio fue normal.Pruebas funcionales de filtracion glomerular han sido reiteradamente normales; solamente persiste defecto en la capacidad de concentracion renal.Este caso constituye hasta donde tenemos informacion el primer paciente pediatrico descrito en el pais con megacalicosis bilateral


Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Humans , Male , Acute Kidney Injury , Kidney Concentrating Ability , Urinary Tract Infections
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